[dvnews_page]Lesson 1
1. International trade: can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another.
2. International specialization: one country producing more of a commodity than it uses itself and selling the remainder to other countries.
3. The theory of comparative advantage: holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, i.e. it has absolute disadvantage in producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.
4.國(guó)際專(zhuān)業(yè)化：international specialization 絕對(duì)利益：absolute advantage
比較利益：comparative advantage
5. rich in advantage over point on across borders
6.Translation:
(1) 在復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)世界中，沒(méi)有一個(gè)*可以完全自給自足。
In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self- sufficient.
(2) 隨著制造業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了另一個(gè)刺激貿(mào)易的因素，即國(guó)際專(zhuān)業(yè)化。
With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international specialization.
(3) 按照比較利益學(xué)說(shuō)，兩個(gè)貿(mào)易伙伴均可從貿(mào)易中得到好處。
According to the theory of comparative advantage, both trade partners can benefit from trade.
(4) 比較利益并不是一個(gè)靜止的概念，一個(gè)*可以通過(guò)自己的行動(dòng)發(fā)展某種特定的比較利益。
Comparative advantage is not a static concept; a country may develop a particular comparative advantage through its own actions.
(5) 比較利益理論已成為現(xiàn)代國(guó)際貿(mào)易思想的基石。
The idea of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade.
Lesson 2
1. Economies of scale: that is, the cost advantages of large-scale production.
2. Tariff barriers: are the most common form of trade restriction.
3. A tariff: is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area which usually coincides with the area of a country.
4. A customs union: a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations is called a customs union.
5. Import duties: are tariffs levied on goods entering an area.
6. Export duties: are taxes levied on goods leaving an area.
7. Drawback: refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.
8. Most -favored -nation (MFN) treatment: refers to a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country.
9. Quotas or quantitative restrictions: are the most common form of non-tariff barriers. A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.
10. 需求結(jié)構(gòu)：patterns of demand 生產(chǎn)能力：production capabilities
消費(fèi)愛(ài)好：consumption preference 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)：economies of scale
成本優(yōu)勢(shì)：cost advantage 大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)：large-scale production
關(guān)稅和配額：tariffs and quotas 外匯：foreign exchange
革新或款式：innovation or style 移民匯款：immigrant remittance
11. capability at/in cost for/of at reasonable costs levied on
take into account without reference to (不針對(duì)) make efforts to
engage in
12.Translation:
(1) 一件商品的成本會(huì)因生產(chǎn)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大而減少。
The cost of product will decrease with the expansion of production scale.
(2) 在實(shí)際中，即使完全的專(zhuān)業(yè)化在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有利，也可能永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)發(fā)生。
In reality, complete specialization may never take place even though it is economically advantageous.
(3) 配額或者說(shuō)數(shù)量限制是最常見(jiàn)的關(guān)稅壁壘。
Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers.
(4) 有形貿(mào)易指貨物的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易，而無(wú)形貿(mào)易涉及的是*間的勞務(wù)交換。
The visible trade is the import and export of goods, and the invisible trade is the exchange of services between countries.
(5) *從事的貿(mào)易種類(lèi)是多樣的、復(fù)雜的，往往是有形貿(mào)易和無(wú)形貿(mào)易的混合。
The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.
Lesson 3
1. Consignment transaction: this means the exporter has to send his goods abroad and will not get payment until the goods are sold. If not sold, the goods can be shipped back.
2. The draft: also referred to as the bill of exchange, is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.
3. Sight draft: calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.
4. Usance draft: is payable at a later date, e.g.30, 45,60 or 90 days after sight or date.
5. Documentary draft: the draft is accompanied by the relevant documents such as the bill of lading, the invoice, the insurance policy etc.
6. Documents against payment (D/P): documents will not be released to the importer until payment is effected.
7. D/P at sight: requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.
8. D/P after sight: gives the importer a certain period after presentation of the documents, but documents are not released to him until he actually pays for the merchandise.
9. Documents against acceptance (D/A): documents are handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the exporter. Payment will not be made until a later date. D/A is always after sight.
10.外匯管制：foreign exchange control 預(yù)付現(xiàn)金：cash in advance
記帳貿(mào)易：open account 破產(chǎn)：go bankrupt
11.add up to (amount to) have/gain control over part with (分手)
enter into on demand (立即) hand over to (交給)
push the sale(促銷(xiāo)) tie up money（占?jí)嘿Y金）make/effect payment
open/issue/establish L/C with bank in one"s favor (以誰(shuí)為受益人)
12. Translation:
(1) 在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中進(jìn)出口雙方都面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)榭偞嬖趯?duì)方不履約可能。
In international trade, both the exporter and importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may fail to fulfil the contract.
(2) 為處理國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的不同形勢(shì)，各種支付方法便發(fā)展了起來(lái)。
Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade.
(3) 許多國(guó)際交易是通過(guò)匯票支付的，匯票是對(duì)銀行或顧客的支付命令。
A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft, which is an order to a bank or a customer to pay.
(4) 即期付款交單要求進(jìn)口商立即付款以取得單據(jù)。
Documents against payment at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.
(5) 就出口商而言，即期付款交單比遠(yuǎn)期付款交單有利，付款交單比承兌交單有利。
So far as the exporter"s interest is concerned D/P at sight is more favorable than D/P after sight, and D/P is more favorable than D/A.
Lesson 4
1. The letter of credit: is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.
2. The confirming bank: the bank that adds its confirmation to the credit is called the confirming bank which is undertaken either by the advising bank or another prime bank.
3. Negotiating bank: if a bank, either nominated by the opening bank or at its own choice, buys the exporter"s draft submitted to it under a credit, it is called a negotiating bank.
4. 支付方法：method of payment 發(fā)貨：dispatch the goods
條款：terms and conditions 保兌信用證：confirmed letter of credit
分批可轉(zhuǎn)船：partial shipments or transshipment運(yùn)載船支：carrying vessel 統(tǒng)一慣例：the uniform customs and practice for documentary credits
5. match…with (與…一致) at the request of be concerned with (關(guān)心)
(1) 在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中幾乎不可能使付款和實(shí)際交貨同時(shí)進(jìn)行。
In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with the physical delivery of the goods.
(2) 信用證付款方式對(duì)買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方都提供保障。
The method of payment by the letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer.
(3) 現(xiàn)代信用證在19世紀(jì)后半葉開(kāi)始采用，*次世界大戰(zhàn)后得到了實(shí)質(zhì)性的發(fā)展。
Modern credits were introduced in the second half of the 19th century and had substantial development after the First World War.
(4) 要么因?yàn)樾庞米C金額過(guò)大，要么因?yàn)閷?duì)開(kāi)證行不完全信任，出口商有時(shí)可能需要保兌的信用證。
Either because the credit amount is too large, or because he does not fully trust the opening bank, the exporter may sometimes require confirmed letter of credit.
(5) 信用證的形式、長(zhǎng)短、語(yǔ)言和規(guī)定各不相同。
Letters of credit are varied in form, length, language and stipulations.
Lesson 5
1. Clean draft: draft not accompanied with shipping documents, for payment are clean credit.
2. Documentary credit: credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.
3. Irrevocable credits: are those that cannot be amended or revoked without the consent of all the parties concerned.
4. Revocable credit: the credit is a revocable one if such commitments can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.
5. Confirmed credit: if a credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank, it becomes a confirmed credit.
6. Sight credit: is one by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft and impeccable documents by the beneficiary to the bank, a sight credit calls for a sight draft.
7. Usance credit: is one by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date or after sight, this type of credit requires a usance draft.
8. Transferable credit: if a credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties, it is a transferable credit.
9. Non-draft credit: there is a modern tendency for payment to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.
10. Revolving credit: if a credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.
11. Accompany with/by consult with(和…協(xié)商)
(1) 信用證按其作用、形式和機(jī)制分作不同的種類(lèi)。
Letters of credit are classified into different types according to their function, form, and mechanism.
(2) 光票信用證主要用于非貿(mào)易結(jié)算，而在商品貿(mào)易中一般使用跟單信用證付款。
Clean letters of credit are mainly used in non-trade settlement, while documentary credits are generally used in commodity trade.
(3) 在即期信用證情況下，提示匯票和正確無(wú)誤的單據(jù)后便立即付款。
In the case of sight credits, payment can be made promptly upon presentation of draft and impeccable shipping documents.
(4) 遠(yuǎn)期信用證顯然要使用遠(yuǎn)期匯票。付款期限可為30天，60天甚至可長(zhǎng)達(dá)180天。
A usance credit obviously calls for a time draft, and the usance varies from 30,60, to as long as 180 days.
(5) 如果信用證可以由原受益人轉(zhuǎn)讓給另一個(gè)或幾個(gè)人，那么這種信用證即為可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。原受益人稱(chēng)作*受益人，接受轉(zhuǎn)讓的稱(chēng)作第二受益人。
A letter of credit is called transferable if it can be transferred by its original beneficiary to one or more parties. The original beneficiary is called the first beneficiary, and the party (or parties) the credit is transferred to is called the second beneficiary.
(6) 對(duì)于一筆具體交易來(lái)說(shuō)，信用證不一定是最理想的付款方式。締約雙方應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況作出*的選擇。
The letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contracting parties should make their best choice according to the specific conditions.
Lesson 6
1. Contract: is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties. It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.
2. Firm offer: is a promise to sell goods at a stated price. In making a firm offer, mention should be made of the time of shipment and the mode of payment desired n addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing, etc. The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer.
3. 業(yè)務(wù)范圍：business line 不可抗力：force majeur
合 同 正 文：contract proper 通常作法：usual practice
4. make compensation give rise to disputes (引起爭(zhēng)執(zhí))
binding upon send/make/mail an offer (發(fā)盤(pán)) in relation to (關(guān)于)
set up (結(jié)構(gòu))
5. Translation:
(1) 合同依法實(shí)施，未能履行合同義務(wù)的一方可能受到起訴，并被強(qiáng)制做出賠償。
A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.
(2) 口頭業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)商指的是面對(duì)面的直接談判或通過(guò)國(guó)際長(zhǎng)途電話(huà)進(jìn)行的商談。
Oral business negotiations refer to face-to -face discussions or those conducted through international truck calls.
(3) 買(mǎi)方發(fā)出的詢(xún)盤(pán)是為了獲得擬定購(gòu)商品的有關(guān)信息，它對(duì)發(fā)出詢(xún)盤(pán)的人無(wú)約束力。
Inquiries made by the buyer are to get information about the goods to be ordered, and are not binding on the inquirer.
(4) 有效期對(duì)于確盤(pán)是必不可少的。在規(guī)定的時(shí)間之前，或在被對(duì)方接受或拒絕之前確盤(pán)一直是有效的。
The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer, that remains valid until a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected.
(5) 還盤(pán)是對(duì)發(fā)盤(pán)的拒絕，一旦作出還盤(pán)，原報(bào)盤(pán)即失效而失去約束力。
A counter-offer is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counter-offer is made.
Lesson 7
1. Commercial invoice: generally called "the invoice" for short, this document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price. It constitutes the basis on which other documents are to be prepared.
2. The Bill of Lading: is one of the most important documents and has three major functionsJ It serves as a cargo receipt signed by the carrier and issued to the shipper or consignor; J It constitutes a contract of carriage between the carrier and the consignor; J It is a document of title to the goods, and the legal holder of the bill of lading is the owner of the goods it covers.
3. Clean bill of lading: is one which states that the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition. It is meant that the document is devoid of any qualifying remarks concerning the packing and the outer appearance of the goods.
4. An on board bill of lading: indicates that the shipment has been actually loaded on the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination.
5. Straight bill of lading: is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.
6. 重量單: weight list/note/memo 合法持有人: legal holder
抬頭作成"憑指定"：make out "to order" 嘜頭: shipping marks
發(fā)貨港：port of shipment 修飾性的話(huà): qualifying remarks
空運(yùn)單：airway bill 保險(xiǎn)單: insurance policy
保險(xiǎn)證書(shū): insurance certificate 海關(guān)發(fā)票: customs invoice
投保金額和險(xiǎn)別: the amount insured and the risks covered
領(lǐng)事發(fā)票:consular invoice/ visa 裝船通知: shipping advice
6. have difficulties in doing comply with (符合) by no means(決不能)
stipulate for (規(guī)定要求……) be bound to(有義務(wù)做……)
bound for (車(chē)、船開(kāi)往某地之意)
7. Translation:
(1) 在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中使用正確的單據(jù)很重要，否則進(jìn)口商提貨時(shí)會(huì)遇到困難。
It is very important to use correct documents in international trade, otherwise the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of the goods.
(2) 商業(yè)發(fā)票，一般稱(chēng)"發(fā)票"，這種單據(jù)對(duì)貨物的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量以及單價(jià)和總價(jià)進(jìn)行概括性描述。
The commercial invoice, generally called the invoice makes a general description of the quality, quantity, unit price, and total value of the goods.
(3) 貨物在運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中可能發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失，需要辦理貨物保險(xiǎn)。
It is necessary to insure the goods against the possible risks they are exposed to in the course of transportation.
(4) 已裝船提單表明貨物已實(shí)際裝上開(kāi)往目的港的承運(yùn)船只。
An on board bill of lading indicates that the goods have been actually loaded on board of the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination.
(5) 清潔提單指貨物在表面狀況良好的情況下裝船，這意味著提單上未加任何有關(guān)包裝或貨物外表不良的批注。
A clean bill of lading refers to one that indicates the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition, which means it is devoid of any qualifying remarks about the packing and the outer appearance of the goods.
Lesson 8
1. 國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則：INCOTERMS: international rules for the interpretation of trade terms
2. 國(guó)際商會(huì): ICC: International Chamber of Commerce
3. 電子數(shù)據(jù)交換: EDI: Electronic Data Interchange
4. 滾裝滾卸的: roll on -roll off traffic 近海: short-sea
結(jié)關(guān): customs clearance 至關(guān)重要: of vital importance
自始至終: all the way 擺開(kāi): setting out
可轉(zhuǎn)讓裝運(yùn)單據(jù): negotiable transport document
到…程度: to…degree
5. FOB: (Free on Board) 船面交貨價(jià),即"起運(yùn)港船上交貨價(jià)"
CFR: (Cost and Freight) 兼付運(yùn)費(fèi)貨價(jià),即"成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)價(jià)"
CIF: (Cost, Insurance, Freight) 兼付運(yùn)費(fèi)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)貨價(jià),即"成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)加保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)價(jià)"
6. be compatible with (與…一致) for the sake of (為…的利益)
7.Translation:
(1) 包裝需按運(yùn)輸?shù)囊筮M(jìn)行，在大多數(shù)情況下，賣(mài)方明確知道把貨物安全地運(yùn)到目的地所需要的包裝。
Packing should be made according to the requirement of transportation. In most cases, the seller knows clearly the particular type of packing required for transportation the goods safely to destination.
(2) 在許多情況下，應(yīng)通知買(mǎi)方在賣(mài)方將貨物啟運(yùn)之時(shí)或之前安排驗(yàn)貨。除非合同另有規(guī)定，否則買(mǎi)方必須支付為其自身利益而安排的驗(yàn)貨費(fèi)用。
In many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through the inspection of goods at or before the time of shipment. Unless otherwise specified, the buyer is supposed to undertake the charges of inspection thus incurred for his own sake.
(3) 進(jìn)口商可以通過(guò)可轉(zhuǎn)讓的運(yùn)輸單據(jù)的將貨物在運(yùn)輸途中賣(mài)給新的買(mǎi)方，這類(lèi)可轉(zhuǎn)讓單據(jù)用起來(lái)非常方便。
The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are being carried by means of negotiable shipping documents which are very convenient for use.
(4) 在所有條款中，買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方各自的義務(wù)排列在10項(xiàng)標(biāo)題下。
Under all terms, the respective obligations of the buyer and the seller are grouped under 10 headings.
(5) 1990年的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)能夠適應(yīng)日益廣泛使用的電子數(shù)據(jù)交換。
The 1990 version of Incoterms can meet the requirement of the increasing use of electronic data interchange.
Lesson 9
1. Transportation: is defined as the movement of freight and passengers from one location to another. In a formal sense, freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and advancement of business.
2. There types of carrier ownership are legal forms of transportation:
(1) common carriers, (2) contract carriers, (3) private carriers.
3. 經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)：economic growth 產(chǎn)品自然領(lǐng)域：natural product provinces
節(jié)約成本：cost economies 中間產(chǎn)品：intermediate products
生產(chǎn)方式：production approach 產(chǎn)成品：finished products
4. play roles in (起…作用) consist of implication for
5. Translation:
(1) 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，一個(gè)沒(méi)有先進(jìn)的運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的社會(huì)仍然是一個(gè)原始落后的社會(huì)。
There is no doubt that a society without an advanced transportation system remains primitive.
(2) 這些方式在運(yùn)作特點(diǎn)和性能方面不同，從而使它們各有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)和劣勢(shì)。五種運(yùn)輸方式分別是：水路、鐵路、公路、管道及航空。
The modes differ in terms of operation characteristics and capabilities, giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages. The five major modes are water, rail, truck, pipeline and air.
(3) 過(guò)去10年，公司自己提供運(yùn)輸能力的傾向越來(lái)越大。
The past decade has seen an increasing tendency among business firms to provide their own transportation capability.
(4) 作為一個(gè)社會(huì)，我們現(xiàn)在的生活比完全自給自足時(shí)更富裕，更消閑。
As a society, we enjoy a richer and more leisurely life than we would be in a totally self-sufficient community.
(5) 最近幾年運(yùn)輸功能引人注目的另一個(gè)因素就是越來(lái)越多的使用零庫(kù)存系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)是以公司保持很少數(shù)量的生產(chǎn)投入的生產(chǎn)方式為基礎(chǔ)的。
Another factor that has thrust transportation into the limelight in recent years is the growing utilization of just-in-time inventory systems, on the basis of a production approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of production inputs.
Lesson10
1. Insurance: is a social device in which a group of individuals and business enterprises transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.
2. 對(duì)外貿(mào)易：overseas trade 時(shí)滯：time lag 索賠：claim compensation
3. carry /bear/ run the risks (承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)) in association with (與…聯(lián)合)
refer to + n take…share of (占…份額) aim at doing (旨在做…)
place upon (放在…) be exposed to (暴露)
fill/ supply/ stop/ close/ bridge the gap (填補(bǔ)空白)
4. Translation:
(1) 保險(xiǎn)是一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制。通過(guò)保險(xiǎn)個(gè)人或企業(yè)可以將生活中一些不確定因素轉(zhuǎn)移給其他人。
Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism, by which the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others.
(2) 即使是在這種情況下，大多數(shù)公司寧可付已知的費(fèi)用即保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而不愿面對(duì)不確定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失。
Even under these circumstances, most of the firms prefer to pay a known cost or premium for the transfer of risk, rather than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss.
(3) 對(duì)企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)損失的價(jià)值要比個(gè)人高很多。因此保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用也比一棟房子或一輛車(chē)高出許多。
In the case of business enterprises, the values exposed to loss are usually much higher and the premium charged is substantially higher than that for a house or a car.
(4) 企業(yè)投保的主要刺激是他們可能騰出資金，進(jìn)行其他項(xiàng)目的投資。
The main stimulus to the enterprise is the release of funds for investment in the production of other items.
(5) 因此，貨物保險(xiǎn)是一種目的在于把風(fēng)險(xiǎn)從進(jìn)口商和出口商的肩上轉(zhuǎn)移到專(zhuān)門(mén)承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的保險(xiǎn)人一方的活動(dòng)。
Therefore, cargo insurance is an activity aiming at moving the burden of risk from the exporters and importers to the underwriters.
Lesson11
1. Insurable interest: holds that no one may insure anything unless he has an interest in it, which means that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit from its preservation, but if it is in any way damaged or lost the assured will be adversely affected.
2. Indemnity: holds that a contract of insurance is one which restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred.
3. Contribution: is a sub-principle which is associated with indemnity. It holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurers.
4. 價(jià)格條件：terms of sale 嶄新的：brand-new 占用的資金：the capital tied up
貨運(yùn)代理行：freight forwarder 平安險(xiǎn)：F.P.A.(Free Particular Average)
水漬險(xiǎn): W.A./ W.P.A.(With Particular Average)
5. take out (制定) take over(接管) insure sth with sb (通過(guò)…投保)
pay up for (承擔(dān)) be substituted for(取代…) be entitled to+n/doing(有權(quán)力)
draw up / make out (開(kāi)出保險(xiǎn)單)
6.Translation:
(1) 沒(méi)有可保利益的保險(xiǎn)合同是無(wú)效的。而任何根據(jù)這類(lèi)合同提出的索賠都不會(huì)被受理。
An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained.
(2) 盡管錯(cuò)誤的陳述是無(wú)意的，但保險(xiǎn)人還是受到欺騙。從而保險(xiǎn)合同無(wú)效。
Even though the mis-statement is unintentional, the underwriter will still be deceived and the policy voidable.
(3) 將受損失人的利益恢復(fù)到損害發(fā)生前的狀況的合同就是保險(xiǎn)合同。
A contract of insurance is one which restores a person who has suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred.
(4) 賠償金額一般包括發(fā)票金額加上運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用及保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)再加上一個(gè)商定的百分比，如10%。
The compensation payable generally includes the invoiced cost plus freight, the insurance premium, and an agreed percentage, say 10%.
(5) 如果投保的險(xiǎn)別不是造成損失的直接原因，保險(xiǎn)公司不予賠償。
The insurance company will not entertain the claim if the risk covered is not the proximate cause of the loss.
Lesson 12
1. Barter: the direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of time.
2. Counter purchase: the assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.
3. Buyback: an agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.
4. 對(duì)銷(xiāo)貿(mào)易：counter trade 中央計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)*：centrally planned economies
進(jìn)出口合同：cross-border contracts 政策目標(biāo)：policy objectives
競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性貶值：competitive devaluations 金融市場(chǎng)：financial market
清算系統(tǒng)：clearing system 實(shí)際頭寸: net positions
補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易：compensation trade 貿(mào)易信貸往來(lái)賬戶(hù)：trade credit accounts
歐洲支付聯(lián)盟：（EPU）European Payment Union
石油輸出國(guó)組織：(OPEC) Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
5. be associated with collapse in trade flows(貿(mào)易往來(lái))
be subject to(以…為準(zhǔn)) 記賬單位：unit of account
6. Translation:
1、 由于反向貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)常是在欠發(fā)達(dá)*和計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)*之間進(jìn)行的，它一般是與這些*的政策目標(biāo)相互聯(lián)系的。
As counter trade often takes place in less developed economies and in centrally planned economies, it is often related with policy objectives in these countries.
2、 實(shí)質(zhì)上，反向貿(mào)易指的是各種貨物和服務(wù)的直接交換。
Fundamentally, counter trade refers to the direct exchange of assorted kinds of goods and services.
3、 回購(gòu)貿(mào)易和反向貿(mào)易之間另一個(gè)重要的區(qū)別在于回購(gòu)貿(mào)易一般比反向貿(mào)易要延續(xù)更長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。
Another important difference is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than a counter purchase deal.
4、 在正常的市場(chǎng)交易中，由于使用貨幣及市場(chǎng)手段，貨物的買(mǎi)與賣(mài)是分別進(jìn)行的。
In normal market transactions buying and selling of goods are unbundled, because of the use of money and the market.
5、 盡管有很多好處，反向貿(mào)易可能是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大的事。
Despite all its advantages, counter trade can be very risky business.
1. International trade: can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another.
2. International specialization: one country producing more of a commodity than it uses itself and selling the remainder to other countries.
3. The theory of comparative advantage: holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, i.e. it has absolute disadvantage in producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.
4.國(guó)際專(zhuān)業(yè)化：international specialization 絕對(duì)利益：absolute advantage
比較利益：comparative advantage
5. rich in advantage over point on across borders
6.Translation:
(1) 在復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)世界中，沒(méi)有一個(gè)*可以完全自給自足。
In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self- sufficient.
(2) 隨著制造業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了另一個(gè)刺激貿(mào)易的因素，即國(guó)際專(zhuān)業(yè)化。
With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international specialization.
(3) 按照比較利益學(xué)說(shuō)，兩個(gè)貿(mào)易伙伴均可從貿(mào)易中得到好處。
According to the theory of comparative advantage, both trade partners can benefit from trade.
(4) 比較利益并不是一個(gè)靜止的概念，一個(gè)*可以通過(guò)自己的行動(dòng)發(fā)展某種特定的比較利益。
Comparative advantage is not a static concept; a country may develop a particular comparative advantage through its own actions.
(5) 比較利益理論已成為現(xiàn)代國(guó)際貿(mào)易思想的基石。
The idea of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade.
Lesson 2
1. Economies of scale: that is, the cost advantages of large-scale production.
2. Tariff barriers: are the most common form of trade restriction.
3. A tariff: is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area which usually coincides with the area of a country.
4. A customs union: a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations is called a customs union.
5. Import duties: are tariffs levied on goods entering an area.
6. Export duties: are taxes levied on goods leaving an area.
7. Drawback: refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.
8. Most -favored -nation (MFN) treatment: refers to a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country.
9. Quotas or quantitative restrictions: are the most common form of non-tariff barriers. A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.
10. 需求結(jié)構(gòu)：patterns of demand 生產(chǎn)能力：production capabilities
消費(fèi)愛(ài)好：consumption preference 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)：economies of scale
成本優(yōu)勢(shì)：cost advantage 大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)：large-scale production
關(guān)稅和配額：tariffs and quotas 外匯：foreign exchange
革新或款式：innovation or style 移民匯款：immigrant remittance
11. capability at/in cost for/of at reasonable costs levied on
take into account without reference to (不針對(duì)) make efforts to
engage in
12.Translation:
(1) 一件商品的成本會(huì)因生產(chǎn)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大而減少。
The cost of product will decrease with the expansion of production scale.
(2) 在實(shí)際中，即使完全的專(zhuān)業(yè)化在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有利，也可能永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)發(fā)生。
In reality, complete specialization may never take place even though it is economically advantageous.
(3) 配額或者說(shuō)數(shù)量限制是最常見(jiàn)的關(guān)稅壁壘。
Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers.
(4) 有形貿(mào)易指貨物的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易，而無(wú)形貿(mào)易涉及的是*間的勞務(wù)交換。
The visible trade is the import and export of goods, and the invisible trade is the exchange of services between countries.
(5) *從事的貿(mào)易種類(lèi)是多樣的、復(fù)雜的，往往是有形貿(mào)易和無(wú)形貿(mào)易的混合。
The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.
Lesson 3
1. Consignment transaction: this means the exporter has to send his goods abroad and will not get payment until the goods are sold. If not sold, the goods can be shipped back.
2. The draft: also referred to as the bill of exchange, is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.
3. Sight draft: calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.
4. Usance draft: is payable at a later date, e.g.30, 45,60 or 90 days after sight or date.
5. Documentary draft: the draft is accompanied by the relevant documents such as the bill of lading, the invoice, the insurance policy etc.
6. Documents against payment (D/P): documents will not be released to the importer until payment is effected.
7. D/P at sight: requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.
8. D/P after sight: gives the importer a certain period after presentation of the documents, but documents are not released to him until he actually pays for the merchandise.
9. Documents against acceptance (D/A): documents are handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the exporter. Payment will not be made until a later date. D/A is always after sight.
10.外匯管制：foreign exchange control 預(yù)付現(xiàn)金：cash in advance
記帳貿(mào)易：open account 破產(chǎn)：go bankrupt
11.add up to (amount to) have/gain control over part with (分手)
enter into on demand (立即) hand over to (交給)
push the sale(促銷(xiāo)) tie up money（占?jí)嘿Y金）make/effect payment
open/issue/establish L/C with bank in one"s favor (以誰(shuí)為受益人)
12. Translation:
(1) 在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中進(jìn)出口雙方都面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)榭偞嬖趯?duì)方不履約可能。
In international trade, both the exporter and importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may fail to fulfil the contract.
(2) 為處理國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的不同形勢(shì)，各種支付方法便發(fā)展了起來(lái)。
Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade.
(3) 許多國(guó)際交易是通過(guò)匯票支付的，匯票是對(duì)銀行或顧客的支付命令。
A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft, which is an order to a bank or a customer to pay.
(4) 即期付款交單要求進(jìn)口商立即付款以取得單據(jù)。
Documents against payment at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.
(5) 就出口商而言，即期付款交單比遠(yuǎn)期付款交單有利，付款交單比承兌交單有利。
So far as the exporter"s interest is concerned D/P at sight is more favorable than D/P after sight, and D/P is more favorable than D/A.
Lesson 4
1. The letter of credit: is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.
2. The confirming bank: the bank that adds its confirmation to the credit is called the confirming bank which is undertaken either by the advising bank or another prime bank.
3. Negotiating bank: if a bank, either nominated by the opening bank or at its own choice, buys the exporter"s draft submitted to it under a credit, it is called a negotiating bank.
4. 支付方法：method of payment 發(fā)貨：dispatch the goods
條款：terms and conditions 保兌信用證：confirmed letter of credit
分批可轉(zhuǎn)船：partial shipments or transshipment運(yùn)載船支：carrying vessel 統(tǒng)一慣例：the uniform customs and practice for documentary credits
5. match…with (與…一致) at the request of be concerned with (關(guān)心)
(1) 在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中幾乎不可能使付款和實(shí)際交貨同時(shí)進(jìn)行。
In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with the physical delivery of the goods.
(2) 信用證付款方式對(duì)買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方都提供保障。
The method of payment by the letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer.
(3) 現(xiàn)代信用證在19世紀(jì)后半葉開(kāi)始采用，*次世界大戰(zhàn)后得到了實(shí)質(zhì)性的發(fā)展。
Modern credits were introduced in the second half of the 19th century and had substantial development after the First World War.
(4) 要么因?yàn)樾庞米C金額過(guò)大，要么因?yàn)閷?duì)開(kāi)證行不完全信任，出口商有時(shí)可能需要保兌的信用證。
Either because the credit amount is too large, or because he does not fully trust the opening bank, the exporter may sometimes require confirmed letter of credit.
(5) 信用證的形式、長(zhǎng)短、語(yǔ)言和規(guī)定各不相同。
Letters of credit are varied in form, length, language and stipulations.
Lesson 5
1. Clean draft: draft not accompanied with shipping documents, for payment are clean credit.
2. Documentary credit: credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.
3. Irrevocable credits: are those that cannot be amended or revoked without the consent of all the parties concerned.
4. Revocable credit: the credit is a revocable one if such commitments can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.
5. Confirmed credit: if a credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank, it becomes a confirmed credit.
6. Sight credit: is one by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft and impeccable documents by the beneficiary to the bank, a sight credit calls for a sight draft.
7. Usance credit: is one by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date or after sight, this type of credit requires a usance draft.
8. Transferable credit: if a credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties, it is a transferable credit.
9. Non-draft credit: there is a modern tendency for payment to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.
10. Revolving credit: if a credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.
11. Accompany with/by consult with(和…協(xié)商)
(1) 信用證按其作用、形式和機(jī)制分作不同的種類(lèi)。
Letters of credit are classified into different types according to their function, form, and mechanism.
(2) 光票信用證主要用于非貿(mào)易結(jié)算，而在商品貿(mào)易中一般使用跟單信用證付款。
Clean letters of credit are mainly used in non-trade settlement, while documentary credits are generally used in commodity trade.
(3) 在即期信用證情況下，提示匯票和正確無(wú)誤的單據(jù)后便立即付款。
In the case of sight credits, payment can be made promptly upon presentation of draft and impeccable shipping documents.
(4) 遠(yuǎn)期信用證顯然要使用遠(yuǎn)期匯票。付款期限可為30天，60天甚至可長(zhǎng)達(dá)180天。
A usance credit obviously calls for a time draft, and the usance varies from 30,60, to as long as 180 days.
(5) 如果信用證可以由原受益人轉(zhuǎn)讓給另一個(gè)或幾個(gè)人，那么這種信用證即為可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。原受益人稱(chēng)作*受益人，接受轉(zhuǎn)讓的稱(chēng)作第二受益人。
A letter of credit is called transferable if it can be transferred by its original beneficiary to one or more parties. The original beneficiary is called the first beneficiary, and the party (or parties) the credit is transferred to is called the second beneficiary.
(6) 對(duì)于一筆具體交易來(lái)說(shuō)，信用證不一定是最理想的付款方式。締約雙方應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況作出*的選擇。
The letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contracting parties should make their best choice according to the specific conditions.
Lesson 6
1. Contract: is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties. It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.
2. Firm offer: is a promise to sell goods at a stated price. In making a firm offer, mention should be made of the time of shipment and the mode of payment desired n addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing, etc. The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer.
3. 業(yè)務(wù)范圍：business line 不可抗力：force majeur
合 同 正 文：contract proper 通常作法：usual practice
4. make compensation give rise to disputes (引起爭(zhēng)執(zhí))
binding upon send/make/mail an offer (發(fā)盤(pán)) in relation to (關(guān)于)
set up (結(jié)構(gòu))
5. Translation:
(1) 合同依法實(shí)施，未能履行合同義務(wù)的一方可能受到起訴，并被強(qiáng)制做出賠償。
A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.
(2) 口頭業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)商指的是面對(duì)面的直接談判或通過(guò)國(guó)際長(zhǎng)途電話(huà)進(jìn)行的商談。
Oral business negotiations refer to face-to -face discussions or those conducted through international truck calls.
(3) 買(mǎi)方發(fā)出的詢(xún)盤(pán)是為了獲得擬定購(gòu)商品的有關(guān)信息，它對(duì)發(fā)出詢(xún)盤(pán)的人無(wú)約束力。
Inquiries made by the buyer are to get information about the goods to be ordered, and are not binding on the inquirer.
(4) 有效期對(duì)于確盤(pán)是必不可少的。在規(guī)定的時(shí)間之前，或在被對(duì)方接受或拒絕之前確盤(pán)一直是有效的。
The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer, that remains valid until a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected.
(5) 還盤(pán)是對(duì)發(fā)盤(pán)的拒絕，一旦作出還盤(pán)，原報(bào)盤(pán)即失效而失去約束力。
A counter-offer is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counter-offer is made.
Lesson 7
1. Commercial invoice: generally called "the invoice" for short, this document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price. It constitutes the basis on which other documents are to be prepared.
2. The Bill of Lading: is one of the most important documents and has three major functionsJ It serves as a cargo receipt signed by the carrier and issued to the shipper or consignor; J It constitutes a contract of carriage between the carrier and the consignor; J It is a document of title to the goods, and the legal holder of the bill of lading is the owner of the goods it covers.
3. Clean bill of lading: is one which states that the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition. It is meant that the document is devoid of any qualifying remarks concerning the packing and the outer appearance of the goods.
4. An on board bill of lading: indicates that the shipment has been actually loaded on the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination.
5. Straight bill of lading: is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.
6. 重量單: weight list/note/memo 合法持有人: legal holder
抬頭作成"憑指定"：make out "to order" 嘜頭: shipping marks
發(fā)貨港：port of shipment 修飾性的話(huà): qualifying remarks
空運(yùn)單：airway bill 保險(xiǎn)單: insurance policy
保險(xiǎn)證書(shū): insurance certificate 海關(guān)發(fā)票: customs invoice
投保金額和險(xiǎn)別: the amount insured and the risks covered
領(lǐng)事發(fā)票:consular invoice/ visa 裝船通知: shipping advice
6. have difficulties in doing comply with (符合) by no means(決不能)
stipulate for (規(guī)定要求……) be bound to(有義務(wù)做……)
bound for (車(chē)、船開(kāi)往某地之意)
7. Translation:
(1) 在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中使用正確的單據(jù)很重要，否則進(jìn)口商提貨時(shí)會(huì)遇到困難。
It is very important to use correct documents in international trade, otherwise the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of the goods.
(2) 商業(yè)發(fā)票，一般稱(chēng)"發(fā)票"，這種單據(jù)對(duì)貨物的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量以及單價(jià)和總價(jià)進(jìn)行概括性描述。
The commercial invoice, generally called the invoice makes a general description of the quality, quantity, unit price, and total value of the goods.
(3) 貨物在運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中可能發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失，需要辦理貨物保險(xiǎn)。
It is necessary to insure the goods against the possible risks they are exposed to in the course of transportation.
(4) 已裝船提單表明貨物已實(shí)際裝上開(kāi)往目的港的承運(yùn)船只。
An on board bill of lading indicates that the goods have been actually loaded on board of the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination.
(5) 清潔提單指貨物在表面狀況良好的情況下裝船，這意味著提單上未加任何有關(guān)包裝或貨物外表不良的批注。
A clean bill of lading refers to one that indicates the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition, which means it is devoid of any qualifying remarks about the packing and the outer appearance of the goods.
Lesson 8
1. 國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則：INCOTERMS: international rules for the interpretation of trade terms
2. 國(guó)際商會(huì): ICC: International Chamber of Commerce
3. 電子數(shù)據(jù)交換: EDI: Electronic Data Interchange
4. 滾裝滾卸的: roll on -roll off traffic 近海: short-sea
結(jié)關(guān): customs clearance 至關(guān)重要: of vital importance
自始至終: all the way 擺開(kāi): setting out
可轉(zhuǎn)讓裝運(yùn)單據(jù): negotiable transport document
到…程度: to…degree
5. FOB: (Free on Board) 船面交貨價(jià),即"起運(yùn)港船上交貨價(jià)"
CFR: (Cost and Freight) 兼付運(yùn)費(fèi)貨價(jià),即"成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)價(jià)"
CIF: (Cost, Insurance, Freight) 兼付運(yùn)費(fèi)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)貨價(jià),即"成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)加保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)價(jià)"
6. be compatible with (與…一致) for the sake of (為…的利益)
7.Translation:
(1) 包裝需按運(yùn)輸?shù)囊筮M(jìn)行，在大多數(shù)情況下，賣(mài)方明確知道把貨物安全地運(yùn)到目的地所需要的包裝。
Packing should be made according to the requirement of transportation. In most cases, the seller knows clearly the particular type of packing required for transportation the goods safely to destination.
(2) 在許多情況下，應(yīng)通知買(mǎi)方在賣(mài)方將貨物啟運(yùn)之時(shí)或之前安排驗(yàn)貨。除非合同另有規(guī)定，否則買(mǎi)方必須支付為其自身利益而安排的驗(yàn)貨費(fèi)用。
In many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through the inspection of goods at or before the time of shipment. Unless otherwise specified, the buyer is supposed to undertake the charges of inspection thus incurred for his own sake.
(3) 進(jìn)口商可以通過(guò)可轉(zhuǎn)讓的運(yùn)輸單據(jù)的將貨物在運(yùn)輸途中賣(mài)給新的買(mǎi)方，這類(lèi)可轉(zhuǎn)讓單據(jù)用起來(lái)非常方便。
The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are being carried by means of negotiable shipping documents which are very convenient for use.
(4) 在所有條款中，買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方各自的義務(wù)排列在10項(xiàng)標(biāo)題下。
Under all terms, the respective obligations of the buyer and the seller are grouped under 10 headings.
(5) 1990年的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)能夠適應(yīng)日益廣泛使用的電子數(shù)據(jù)交換。
The 1990 version of Incoterms can meet the requirement of the increasing use of electronic data interchange.
Lesson 9
1. Transportation: is defined as the movement of freight and passengers from one location to another. In a formal sense, freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and advancement of business.
2. There types of carrier ownership are legal forms of transportation:
(1) common carriers, (2) contract carriers, (3) private carriers.
3. 經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)：economic growth 產(chǎn)品自然領(lǐng)域：natural product provinces
節(jié)約成本：cost economies 中間產(chǎn)品：intermediate products
生產(chǎn)方式：production approach 產(chǎn)成品：finished products
4. play roles in (起…作用) consist of implication for
5. Translation:
(1) 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，一個(gè)沒(méi)有先進(jìn)的運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的社會(huì)仍然是一個(gè)原始落后的社會(huì)。
There is no doubt that a society without an advanced transportation system remains primitive.
(2) 這些方式在運(yùn)作特點(diǎn)和性能方面不同，從而使它們各有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)和劣勢(shì)。五種運(yùn)輸方式分別是：水路、鐵路、公路、管道及航空。
The modes differ in terms of operation characteristics and capabilities, giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages. The five major modes are water, rail, truck, pipeline and air.
(3) 過(guò)去10年，公司自己提供運(yùn)輸能力的傾向越來(lái)越大。
The past decade has seen an increasing tendency among business firms to provide their own transportation capability.
(4) 作為一個(gè)社會(huì)，我們現(xiàn)在的生活比完全自給自足時(shí)更富裕，更消閑。
As a society, we enjoy a richer and more leisurely life than we would be in a totally self-sufficient community.
(5) 最近幾年運(yùn)輸功能引人注目的另一個(gè)因素就是越來(lái)越多的使用零庫(kù)存系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)是以公司保持很少數(shù)量的生產(chǎn)投入的生產(chǎn)方式為基礎(chǔ)的。
Another factor that has thrust transportation into the limelight in recent years is the growing utilization of just-in-time inventory systems, on the basis of a production approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of production inputs.
Lesson10
1. Insurance: is a social device in which a group of individuals and business enterprises transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.
2. 對(duì)外貿(mào)易：overseas trade 時(shí)滯：time lag 索賠：claim compensation
3. carry /bear/ run the risks (承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)) in association with (與…聯(lián)合)
refer to + n take…share of (占…份額) aim at doing (旨在做…)
place upon (放在…) be exposed to (暴露)
fill/ supply/ stop/ close/ bridge the gap (填補(bǔ)空白)
4. Translation:
(1) 保險(xiǎn)是一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制。通過(guò)保險(xiǎn)個(gè)人或企業(yè)可以將生活中一些不確定因素轉(zhuǎn)移給其他人。
Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism, by which the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others.
(2) 即使是在這種情況下，大多數(shù)公司寧可付已知的費(fèi)用即保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而不愿面對(duì)不確定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失。
Even under these circumstances, most of the firms prefer to pay a known cost or premium for the transfer of risk, rather than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss.
(3) 對(duì)企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)損失的價(jià)值要比個(gè)人高很多。因此保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用也比一棟房子或一輛車(chē)高出許多。
In the case of business enterprises, the values exposed to loss are usually much higher and the premium charged is substantially higher than that for a house or a car.
(4) 企業(yè)投保的主要刺激是他們可能騰出資金，進(jìn)行其他項(xiàng)目的投資。
The main stimulus to the enterprise is the release of funds for investment in the production of other items.
(5) 因此，貨物保險(xiǎn)是一種目的在于把風(fēng)險(xiǎn)從進(jìn)口商和出口商的肩上轉(zhuǎn)移到專(zhuān)門(mén)承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的保險(xiǎn)人一方的活動(dòng)。
Therefore, cargo insurance is an activity aiming at moving the burden of risk from the exporters and importers to the underwriters.
Lesson11
1. Insurable interest: holds that no one may insure anything unless he has an interest in it, which means that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit from its preservation, but if it is in any way damaged or lost the assured will be adversely affected.
2. Indemnity: holds that a contract of insurance is one which restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred.
3. Contribution: is a sub-principle which is associated with indemnity. It holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurers.
4. 價(jià)格條件：terms of sale 嶄新的：brand-new 占用的資金：the capital tied up
貨運(yùn)代理行：freight forwarder 平安險(xiǎn)：F.P.A.(Free Particular Average)
水漬險(xiǎn): W.A./ W.P.A.(With Particular Average)
5. take out (制定) take over(接管) insure sth with sb (通過(guò)…投保)
pay up for (承擔(dān)) be substituted for(取代…) be entitled to+n/doing(有權(quán)力)
draw up / make out (開(kāi)出保險(xiǎn)單)
6.Translation:
(1) 沒(méi)有可保利益的保險(xiǎn)合同是無(wú)效的。而任何根據(jù)這類(lèi)合同提出的索賠都不會(huì)被受理。
An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained.
(2) 盡管錯(cuò)誤的陳述是無(wú)意的，但保險(xiǎn)人還是受到欺騙。從而保險(xiǎn)合同無(wú)效。
Even though the mis-statement is unintentional, the underwriter will still be deceived and the policy voidable.
(3) 將受損失人的利益恢復(fù)到損害發(fā)生前的狀況的合同就是保險(xiǎn)合同。
A contract of insurance is one which restores a person who has suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred.
(4) 賠償金額一般包括發(fā)票金額加上運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用及保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)再加上一個(gè)商定的百分比，如10%。
The compensation payable generally includes the invoiced cost plus freight, the insurance premium, and an agreed percentage, say 10%.
(5) 如果投保的險(xiǎn)別不是造成損失的直接原因，保險(xiǎn)公司不予賠償。
The insurance company will not entertain the claim if the risk covered is not the proximate cause of the loss.
Lesson 12
1. Barter: the direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of time.
2. Counter purchase: the assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.
3. Buyback: an agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.
4. 對(duì)銷(xiāo)貿(mào)易：counter trade 中央計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)*：centrally planned economies
進(jìn)出口合同：cross-border contracts 政策目標(biāo)：policy objectives
競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性貶值：competitive devaluations 金融市場(chǎng)：financial market
清算系統(tǒng)：clearing system 實(shí)際頭寸: net positions
補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易：compensation trade 貿(mào)易信貸往來(lái)賬戶(hù)：trade credit accounts
歐洲支付聯(lián)盟：（EPU）European Payment Union
石油輸出國(guó)組織：(OPEC) Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
5. be associated with collapse in trade flows(貿(mào)易往來(lái))
be subject to(以…為準(zhǔn)) 記賬單位：unit of account
6. Translation:
1、 由于反向貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)常是在欠發(fā)達(dá)*和計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)*之間進(jìn)行的，它一般是與這些*的政策目標(biāo)相互聯(lián)系的。
As counter trade often takes place in less developed economies and in centrally planned economies, it is often related with policy objectives in these countries.
2、 實(shí)質(zhì)上，反向貿(mào)易指的是各種貨物和服務(wù)的直接交換。
Fundamentally, counter trade refers to the direct exchange of assorted kinds of goods and services.
3、 回購(gòu)貿(mào)易和反向貿(mào)易之間另一個(gè)重要的區(qū)別在于回購(gòu)貿(mào)易一般比反向貿(mào)易要延續(xù)更長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。
Another important difference is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than a counter purchase deal.
4、 在正常的市場(chǎng)交易中，由于使用貨幣及市場(chǎng)手段，貨物的買(mǎi)與賣(mài)是分別進(jìn)行的。
In normal market transactions buying and selling of goods are unbundled, because of the use of money and the market.
5、 盡管有很多好處，反向貿(mào)易可能是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大的事。
Despite all its advantages, counter trade can be very risky business.
