托福獨立寫作文章結(jié)構(gòu)及論證方式（下） 　　北京朗閣培訓中心 ?唐艷 　　在結(jié)構(gòu)書寫正確的情況下，論證就是我們接下來要關(guān)注的問題，解決這個問題的關(guān)鍵，我們首先要了解獨立作文的問題類型。 ? 　　1. 二選一題型 　　具體可以看下面呈現(xiàn)的題目： 　　Some students prefer to have their final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas others prefer to have their final grades determined by only a few large assignments. Which do you prefer and why? ? 　　2. 概念判斷 　　(1) Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teaching is harder than it was in the past. 　　(2) Workers would be much happier if they are doing different types of tasks during their workday than doing the same task. 　　(3) It is better that Universities and colleges are now offering qualifications through distance learning from the Internet rather than teachers in the classroom. ? 　　而論證方式的選擇取決于題型分類，鑒于以上的考題，北京朗閣培訓中心的專家給考生們進行了規(guī)整： 　　1. 實例論證并結(jié)合時間對比論證 　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teaching is harder than it was in the past. 　　理由是題目中含有明確的現(xiàn)在is harder和過去的時間in the past。 ? 　　2. 實例論證和不同對象對比論證的結(jié)合 　　Some students prefer to have their final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas others prefer to have their final grades determined by only a few large assignments. Which do you prefer and why? 　　Workers would be much happier if they are doing different types of tasks during their workday than doing the same task. 　　在這兩個題目中，都存在兩個不同的對象，讓我們做出明確的態(tài)度。那么考生們在選擇其中一個對象后，為了很好的論證，就要進行不同對象的對比論證。 ? 　　為了很好的詮釋上面的論證方式的區(qū)別，北京朗閣培訓中心的專家將結(jié)合學生作文示范段落論證方式： 　　1. 實例論證并結(jié)合時間對比論證 　　大家注意一下標紅的部分，作者分別從過去和現(xiàn)在論證了科技的發(fā)展對于老百姓生活質(zhì)量的提高：購物的變化過去與現(xiàn)在的對比/人們的出行所發(fā)生的變化并對于人們生活質(zhì)量的提高。（這個環(huán)節(jié)在批注里可以看到） 　　2. 實例論證和不同對象對比論證的結(jié)合 　　在這里，北京朗閣培訓中心的專家給大家呈現(xiàn)一個2010年9月的綜合寫作機經(jīng)上的一個閱讀部分，同時也是上面一個題目的很理想的段落書寫（It is better that Universities and colleges are now offering qualifications through distance learning from the Internet rather than teachers in the classroom.） ? 　　筆者認為這個段落是個很好的對比論證和實例論證： 　　Online education also encourages cheating because the students are not closely monitored by the teacher. Students may have other people write their papers and use notes and books while taking a test. In traditional schools teachers can engage with their students and know their students well, but online teacher can only know if this student turned in his or her homework. 　　這篇文章主要討論的是傳統(tǒng)學校的考試制度和網(wǎng)絡(luò)上考試的迥異：請看上面的不同字體字部分：紅色部分討論了傳統(tǒng)學校在考試時的做法，然后運用了轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系but online teacher can only know if this student turned in his or her homework. 在這個段落里，對傳統(tǒng)學校和網(wǎng)絡(luò)學校在獲得學歷上進行了對比。 ? 　　實例論證： 　　所有的獨立作文都有實例論證，這個是比較好理解的。在這一點上，考生們要記得前面所說的段落的連貫性。同樣，北京朗閣培訓中心的專家給大家呈現(xiàn)一個2011年11月14日的綜合寫作機經(jīng)的閱讀部分節(jié)選，這個推薦的段落很好地給大家展示了實例論證的典范：這個閱讀主要講的是人類征服mars的艱難和障礙。 　　The zero-gravity environment of space is detrimental to human body. Some of the more severe effects of prolonged weightlessness are muscle atrophy, or the loss of muscle tissue due to disuse, and the deterioration of the skeleton, which results in decreased strength and bone structure. During a 10-month journey, astronauts can expect to lose as much as half their strength due to lack of exercise. ? 　　大家可以看出，在中心論點列出后is detrimental to human body, 后面分別從這幾個方面完全連貫的論證了這個段落： 　　prolonged weightlessness are muscle atrophy 　　the loss of muscle tissue 　　the deterioration of the skeleton, 　　lose as much as half their strength 　　綜上所述，為了在考試中得到一個很令自己滿意的分數(shù)，在獨立作文方面首先要注意結(jié)構(gòu)的準確：即統(tǒng)一性，漸進性和連貫性，而掌握了結(jié)構(gòu)后，要根據(jù)不同的題目類型（選擇型和概念判斷型）并采用不同的論證方式：實例論證，實例論證結(jié)合不同對象對比論證和實例論證結(jié)合時間對比論證。 ?