所謂托福語(yǔ)法不搭配,就是如果不在該處結(jié)束從句,從句寫在一起就變成了病句。常見的這樣的語(yǔ)法不搭配就是從句主干中第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞義群的出現(xiàn)。因?yàn)閺木渲鞲衫镏荒苡幸粋€(gè)謂語(yǔ),出現(xiàn)第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)顯然不對(duì)。 實(shí)例解析1 The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising,considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species. 這個(gè)句子如果乍一看,fact后面的that表示一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句的開始。從句什么位置結(jié)束,要明白這個(gè)問題,首先要知道從句它也是一個(gè)句子,句子必須要有完整的主干結(jié)構(gòu)。所以,當(dāng)它的主干結(jié)構(gòu)完整,后面增加的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)和前面的內(nèi)容不能夠搭配的時(shí)候,從句就結(jié)束了。 這種不搭配,有語(yǔ)法上不搭配和邏輯上不搭配。我們重點(diǎn)關(guān)注出現(xiàn)比較多容易辨別的語(yǔ)法不搭配。所謂語(yǔ)法不搭配,就是如果不在該處結(jié)束從句,從句寫在一起就變成了病句。常見的這樣的語(yǔ)法不搭配就是從句主干中第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞義群的出現(xiàn)。因?yàn)閺木渲鞲衫镏荒苡幸粋€(gè)謂語(yǔ),出現(xiàn)第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)顯然不對(duì)。怎么識(shí)別謂語(yǔ),當(dāng)然要看動(dòng)詞。但是,值得注意的是英語(yǔ)里面有大量的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,要排除它們。一般定義:動(dòng)詞原型v,動(dòng)詞原型的第三人稱單數(shù)變化,動(dòng)詞的過去式,都符合謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞定義。動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、不定式不屬于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞定義。 再回到上面這個(gè)句子: 從句內(nèi)部are符合謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,thought,inhabit不屬于;當(dāng)出現(xiàn)does not這個(gè)謂語(yǔ)的時(shí)候,顯然從句已經(jīng)有了兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ),這是病句,必須斷句。可以把從句用括號(hào)括起來The fact (that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests) does not seem surprising,considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species. 實(shí)例解析2 It was in the cities that the elements (that can be associated with modern capitalism) first appeared.首先這是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,里面有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句在第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)義群前結(jié)束。這里之所以用義群,義群包含了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞及其修飾成分。比如這里的first就是修飾appear的。 實(shí)例解析3 It became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition (for which there had been no previous effective treatment)might be responsive to vitamin therapy.這里for which標(biāo)志從句開始,第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)義群might be前從句結(jié)束。 實(shí)例解析4 (What is particularly meaningful to anthropologists) is the realization (that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically, the materials by no means determines what is done).一個(gè)括號(hào)結(jié)束處,出現(xiàn)了第二個(gè)is,所以what開始的從句要結(jié)束了。后面that開頭的定語(yǔ)從句里面,although后面的結(jié)構(gòu)都不是從句的主干,所以里面出現(xiàn)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能算作從句主干里的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,從句里面主干謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是determine。
實(shí)例解析5 As a result,claims (that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health) have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore.首先claim是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞而不是名詞,否則句子就沒有主語(yǔ)了。That引導(dǎo)一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句。這個(gè)從句里面的動(dòng)詞很多,什么時(shí)候結(jié)束這個(gè)從句呢?我們來看這個(gè)從句,eating動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ),后面的consisting grown都不符合謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞條件,prevents一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,cures仿佛是第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,這里是不是從句結(jié)束呢?不是,因?yàn)橹虚g有一個(gè)or連接,在語(yǔ)法上不構(gòu)成病句。句子里是允許有多個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞并列的。往后provides還是和它們并列。后面出現(xiàn)have become的時(shí)候才是從句結(jié)束位置。所以補(bǔ)加一個(gè)小補(bǔ)丁,原來的規(guī)律描述變成,從句主干中不和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)義群有并列關(guān)系的第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞義群出現(xiàn)時(shí),從句在第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞義群前結(jié)束。本質(zhì)是不能造成從句內(nèi)部的語(yǔ)法搭配不當(dāng)。